Chapter 9 Notes for Class 12 Biology: Learn How to Enhance Food Production in PDF Format

Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Notes PDF Download

Are you looking for a quick and easy way to revise the concepts and topics of Class 12 Biology Chapter 9? Do you want to download the notes in PDF format for offline access? If yes, then you have come to the right place. In this article, we will provide you with the best notes for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 - Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production. These notes are prepared by expert teachers and are based on the latest NCERT syllabus and CBSE guidelines. You can download these notes for free from the link given at the end of this article.

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Introduction

Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 is one of the most important chapters in the CBSE curriculum. It deals with the various biological principles and techniques that are applied to improve the quality and quantity of food production. It covers topics such as animal husbandry, plant breeding, single cell protein and tissue culture. These topics are not only relevant for the board exams, but also for various competitive exams such as NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER, etc. Therefore, it is essential to have a clear understanding of these topics and their applications.

What is Chapter 9 about?

Chapter 9 of Class 12 Biology is about the strategies that are used to enhance food production in animals and plants. It explains how animal husbandry involves the management and care of domestic animals for their products such as meat, milk, eggs, wool, etc. It also describes how plant breeding involves the selection and crossing of desirable plants for developing improved crop varieties with higher yield, resistance to diseases and pests, better quality, etc. It also introduces the concepts of single cell protein and tissue culture, which are alternative sources of food and methods of propagation respectively.

Why is Chapter 9 important?

Chapter 9 is important because it helps us to appreciate the role of biology in human welfare. It shows how science and technology can be used to solve the problems of food scarcity, malnutrition, environmental degradation, etc. It also helps us to understand the ethical issues involved in food production such as animal rights, genetic engineering, biosafety, etc. It also enhances our knowledge and skills in various fields such as biotechnology, microbiology, genetics, ecology, etc.

Key Concepts and Topics

Role of Animal Husbandry in Human Welfare

Production of meat, dairy products, fibre, labour and fertilisers

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture that deals with the rearing, feeding and management of domestic animals for their products such as meat, dairy products, fibre, labour and fertilisers. Some examples of animals that are reared for these purposes are cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, horses, donkeys, camels, etc. These animals provide us with various benefits such as:

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• Meat: Meat is a rich source of protein, iron, zinc and vitamin B12. It is consumed by many people as a part of their diet.

• Dairy products: Dairy products such as milk, cheese, butter, ghee, curd, etc. are obtained from animals such as cows, buffaloes, goats, etc. They provide us with calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin and vitamin A.

• Fibre: Fibre is obtained from animals such as sheep, goats, rabbits , etc. Fibre is used for making clothes, carpets, blankets, etc. It also provides warmth and insulation.

• Labour: Labour is the work done by animals such as horses, donkeys, camels, etc. for transportation, ploughing, pulling carts, etc. They help us to save time and energy.

• Fertilisers: Fertilisers are the organic matter obtained from the dung and urine of animals. They are used to enrich the soil and increase its fertility.

Methods of animal breeding and improvement

Animal breeding is the process of mating selected animals to produce offspring with desirable traits. Animal improvement is the outcome of animal breeding that results in better quality and quantity of animal products. Some of the methods of animal breeding and improvement are:

• Inbreeding: Inbreeding is the mating of closely related animals such as siblings, parents and offspring, etc. It is done to increase the homozygosity and purity of a breed. It also helps to eliminate harmful recessive genes and enhance desirable traits.

• Outbreeding: Outbreeding is the mating of unrelated animals of the same breed or different breeds. It is done to increase the heterozygosity and genetic variation in a population. It also helps to overcome the drawbacks of inbreeding such as inbreeding depression and loss of vigour.

• Cross-breeding: Cross-breeding is the mating of animals of different breeds to produce a hybrid offspring. It is done to combine the desirable traits of both the parents and create a new breed with superior qualities.

• Artificial insemination: Artificial insemination is the technique of introducing the semen of a selected male animal into the reproductive tract of a female animal without natural mating. It is done to increase the reproductive efficiency and genetic improvement of animals.

• Embryo transfer: Embryo transfer is the technique of transferring the fertilised eggs or embryos from a donor female animal to a recipient female animal who acts as a surrogate mother. It is done to increase the number of offspring from a genetically superior female animal.

Plant Breeding

Objectives and steps of plant breeding

Plant breeding is the science and art of improving the genetic makeup of plants for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding are:

• To increase the yield and productivity of crops

• To improve the quality and nutritional value of food

• To enhance the resistance and tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses

• To develop new varieties with desirable traits such as dwarfism, early maturity, etc.

The steps involved in plant breeding are:

• Collection and preservation of germplasm: Germplasm is the collection of seeds, plants or tissues that have genetic diversity and potential for improvement. It is collected from various sources such as wild relatives, landraces, cultivars, etc. and preserved in gene banks for future use.

• Evaluation and selection of parents: The germplasm is evaluated for various traits such as yield, quality, disease resistance, etc. and suitable parents are selected for hybridisation.

• Cross-hybridisation: The selected parents are crossed to produce hybrids that have a combination of genes from both the parents.

• Selection and testing of hybrids: The hybrids are selected based on their performance and phenotype. They are tested for their stability, adaptability and acceptability in different environments and markets.

• Release and commercialisation of new varieties: The best hybrids are released as new varieties after obtaining approval from regulatory authorities. They are multiplied and distributed to farmers for cultivation.

Examples of improved crop varieties

Plant breeding has resulted in the development of many improved crop varieties that have higher yield, better quality and resistance to diseases and pests. Some examples of such varieties are:

Crop

Variety

Improvement

Wheat

Sonalika, Kalyan Sona, PBW 343, HD 2967, etc.

High yield, dwarfism, rust resistance, drought tolerance, etc.

Rice

IR 8, IR 36, Pusa Basmati, Swarna, etc.

High yield, semi-dwarfism, pest resistance, aroma, etc.

Pearl millet

HB 1, HHB 67 Improved, etc.

High yield, hybrid vigour, downy mildew resistance, etc.

Sugarcane

Co 419, Co 62175, Co 86032, etc.

High sucrose content, high yield, red rot resistance, etc.

Cotton

H 4, Bt cotton, etc.

High yield, long staple length, bollworm resistance, etc.

Mango

Dasheri, Alphonso, Amrapali, etc.

Sweet taste, large size, early maturity, etc.

Single Cell Protein (SCP)

Definition and sources of SCP

Single cell protein (SCP) is the protein-rich biomass obtained from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. SCP can be used as a supplement or alternative to animal or plant protein for human and animal consumption. Some of the sources of SCP are:

• Bacteria: Bacteria such as Spirulina, Methylophilus and Bacillus are grown on organic wastes or methane gas to produce SCP. They have high protein content (60-70%) and can be used as food additives or animal feed.

• Fungi: Fungi such as yeast (Saccharomyces), mushroom (Agaricus) and Fusarium are grown on molasses or agricultural by-products to produce SCP. They have high protein content (40-50%) and can be used as bakery products or meat substitutes.

• Algae: Algae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Dunaliella are grown on water or sewage to produce SCP. They have high protein content (50-60%) and can be used as health foods or fish feed.

• Protozoa: Protozoa such as Paramecium and Tetrahymena are grown on bacteria or algae to produce SCP. They have high protein content (55-65%) and can be used as poultry feed or aquaculture feed.

Advantages and disadvantages of SCP

SCP has many advantages and disadvantages as a source of food and feed. Some of them are:

Advantages

Disadvantages

• SCP can be produced in large quantities in a short time using less space and resources.

• SCP can utilise waste materials and pollutants as substrates for growth.

• SCP can provide high-quality protein with essential amino acids and vitamins.

• SCP can reduce the dependence on animal or plant protein and conserve biodiversity.

• SCP can be modified genetically to enhance its nutritional value and acceptability.

• SCP may contain toxins or allergens that can cause adverse effects on health.

• SCP may have unpleasant taste or odour that can affect its palatability.

• SCP may require purification or processing to remove impurities or contaminants.

• SCP may face social or cultural barriers for acceptance as food or feed.

• SCP may pose environmental or ethical risks due to genetic engineering or biosafety issues.

Tissue Culture

Definition and steps of tissue culture

Tissue culture is the technique of growing cells, tissues or organs in an artificial medium under controlled conditions. Tissue culture can be used for various purposes such as propagation, conservation, improvement and research of plants. The steps involved in be used to conserve plants that are threatened by habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, etc. It can store and preserve the genetic diversity and germplasm of plants in the form of seeds, cells, tissues or organs.

• Improvement: Tissue culture can be used to improve the traits and performance of plants by introducing desirable genes or modifying existing genes. It can also be used to create new varieties or hybrids by fusion of cells or protoplasts from different species or genera.

• Research: Tissue culture can be used to study the growth, development and physiology of plants at cellular and molecular levels. It can also be used to investigate the effects of various factors such as hormones, nutrients, stress, etc. on plant cells and tissues.

Summary and Conclusion

Recap of the main points

In this article, we have learnt about the strategies for enhancement in food production in animals and plants. We have discussed the following topics:

• The role of animal husbandry in human welfare and the methods of animal breeding and improvement.

• The objectives and steps of plant breeding and the examples of improved crop varieties.

• The definition and sources of single cell protein and its advantages and disadvantages.

• The definition and steps of tissue culture and its applications and benefits.

Tips for exam preparation

To prepare well for the exam, you should follow these tips:

• Revise the concepts and topics of this chapter thoroughly and make notes of the important points.

• Practice the diagrams and tables related to this chapter and label them correctly.

• Solve the NCERT questions and previous year papers related to this chapter and check your answers with the solutions.

• Refer to other reference books or online sources for more information and examples on this chapter.

• Attempt mock tests or quizzes on this chapter to assess your understanding and performance.

FAQs

Here are some frequently asked questions on this chapter:

• What is hybrid vigour?

Hybrid vigour or heterosis is the phenomenon in which a hybrid offspring shows superior traits than its parents such as higher yield, better quality, etc.

• What is inbreeding depression?

Inbreeding depression is the phenomenon in which continuous inbreeding results in reduced fertility, vigour and adaptability in a population due to accumulation of harmful recessive genes.

• What is protoplast fusion?

Protoplast fusion is the technique of fusing the protoplasts or naked cells of two different plants to produce a somatic hybrid with combined traits.

• What is somatic embryogenesis?

Somatic embryogenesis is the process of forming embryos from somatic cells or non-reproductive cells of a plant. It is a type of tissue culture that can be used for mass propagation of plants.

• What is biofortification?

Biofortification is the process of enhancing the nutritional value of food crops by increasing the content or bioavailability of essential nutrients such as iron, zinc, iodine, etc.

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